4.2 Workfile Review

4. 2 Warning: Alcohol is a Dangerous Chemical Work File Review Section One: Look at each of the statements below. Based on what you have heard and what you believe, which ones are facts and which ones are myths? Place an â€Å"x† next to the answer that represents your choice. *ATOD Orange County Schools Check your answers by selecting the â€Å"Alcohol Pretest Key† on the 4. 2 Activity page. 1. Drinking is part of being an adult. Eventually, everybody drinks alcohol. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 2. Drinking makes you more appealing to others. Fact ____ Fiction Y 3. A mixed drink contains more alcohol than beer.Fact _Y___ Fiction ____ 4. A person's size can determine how quickly alcohol can have a negative effect. Fact ____ Fiction _Y___ 5. Coffee is a good way to sober up. Fact __Y__ Fiction ____ 6. Only a few deaths from car accidents are related to alcohol usage. Fact ____ Fiction _Y___ 7. Alcohol is a dangerous drug. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 8. Drinking makes bad feelings go away. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 9. Drinking makes your problems disappear. Fact ____ Fiction __Y__ 10. Mixing alcohol with another drug can cause overdose and death. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 11.As soon as alcohol reaches your stomach, it affects your abilities. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ 12. Alcohol has no effect on family violence. Fact ____ Fiction Y 13. Alcohol is a poison. Fact YFiction____ 14. Women who drink during pregnancy may have retarded or deformed children. Fact Y Fiction ____ 15. Children of alcoholic parents are more likely to become alcoholics. Fact ___Y_ Fiction ____ Note taking is important for this lesson. Read the questions on the left side of the page very carefully and then record meaningful facts and ideas in the main larger, right-hand column.Be sure to read each stated web site very carefully. Your test will come directly from the notes. This method for taking notes is called â€Å"Cornell Note Taking. † Questions/Main Ideas:Notes_______________________ ______________________ Select: Blood Alcohol Educator 1. List three facts that you have learned from this site. Men has better drinking skill than women 2. Compare the various effects that alcohol has on the mind and body at two different blood alcohol concentrations. 3. Evaluate the decision by all fifty states to enact a BAC limit of . 8 as the legal limit for drunk driving on drivers over the age of 21. Why was this law so important for everyone's health and safety? Select: Myths about alcohol[->0] 1. List at least three organs that can be affected by alcohol use. 2. If you were involved with alcohol as a teen, predict what four people (other than your parents) would be most affected by your use of alcohol. Select: What is a drink? [->1] 1. What is the definition of a standard drink for beer, wine and distilled spirits? 2. How does the amount of alcohol in a malt liquor compare to other brewed beverages? . Why can’t you group all 12 ounce beers as having the same alcohol c ontent just as you would with one 12 ounce wine cooler? Select: Drinking and Driving[->2] 1. Analyze the promising but inadequately evaluated measures that can be used to reduce drinking and driving. Please predict the 3 that you think would be the most beneficial. 2. Identify 2 ways that you can help in the task of reducing drinking and driving. 3. Explain BAC and explain its importance in determining DUI or DWI. Heart, liver, stomach GF, friend, teacher, sister Select: Effects on the Body[->3] . List five (5) effects alcohol has on the body’s central nervous system. 2. Contrast a healthy liver with that of a liver affected by alcohol consumption. Include a minimum of 4 facts in your note-taking column. 3. Imagine you are a physician. A 40- year-old patient comes to you complaining about her health. During your consultation, you find out she has consumed a 12-pack of beer every night for the past 17 years. Speculate the condition of her body, making sure to include the effec ts of alcohol on her brain, intestines, liver and bones.Select: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome[->4] 1. What problems may a baby have if the mother drinks while she is pregnant? 2. What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? 3. A pregnant woman is at a family birthday party. Her brother brings her a drink called a white Russian (it has three different shots of liquor and milk in it). Her brother says it will be good for you –â€Å"it has milk in it†-what should she do? 4. You are at your friend’s house for dinner and your friend’s mother who is pregnant is drinking wine with dinner.You have been taking the life management class online and learned about fetal alcohol syndrome; your friend is concerned about her mother drinking while being pregnant. What could you do to help? [->0] – http://web. archive. org/web/20070414002507/http:/madd. org/stats/0,1056,1156,00. html [->1] – http://pubs. niaaa. nih. gov/publications/Practitioner/pocketguide/pocket_guide2. htm [->2] – http://www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/DrinkingAndDriving. html [->3] – http://www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov/CollegeStudents/interactiveBody. aspx [->4] – http://www. nofas. org/

Vacant Chapter 3 Involved

â€Å"I can't tell you how much I appreciate this, Ethan.† She's wrapped tightly in one of my towels, and I feel a†¦ stirring. I wonder if she understands she's half-naked in front of a stranger. I try not to be obvious in my perusal of her form; her body is small, but her tits are high, round, and a little large for her frame, though no complaints. I briefly wonder what her nipples look like, and lick my lips but catch myself before my ogling turns creepy. â€Å"It's no problem,† I answer hastily, refusing to look further at her. I stop short before making my next statement. No matter how much I tell myself to mind my own business, I can't seem to help dispensing advice. â€Å"You know, you can't live without utilities, Emily.† I wonder where this girl comes from that she thinks living with no water or electricity isn't a problem; my level of concern is now elevated a notch or two. â€Å"I know, but – † she stops herself. â€Å"Yeah, I know.† I have this feeling that there's something off here, and I can't ignore the fact she seems to be without essentials. â€Å"I typically shower in the morning, so if you want to come over at night and shower until you get the utilities turned on, that's cool.† I turn away, wanting to give her privacy to dress because she needs to get dressed; I need her to get dressed. â€Å"So like, what do you do all day?† I can hear the snap of the elastic on her panties against her hip as she finishes putting them on. Shit, these duplex units are too small! Or is my hearing that good? I can't help the thoughts that run through my head. Thinking about her body is a complication I do not need or want. However, chiding myself doesn't stop me from picturing the slight curve of her hips, her shapely thighs, or perfectly muscled backside. â€Å"I go to work,† I snap, feeling guilty. Seconds later, her voice is right behind me. â€Å"Oh yeah? Where do you work?† Her tone is light and her remark impulsive. â€Å"I need to get a job.† I turn so we're face to face and she can see my eyes. Sometimes, emotion seeps out through the eyes. I don't want her to see any vulnerability in mine. Once you're seen as weak, people are quick to take advantage. â€Å"I work down at the grocery store.† She smiles and looks down. She doesn't want me to see her eyes. â€Å"That's really close, so I could walk there. You think they're hiring?† â€Å"Don't know.† I have to keep it uncomplicated. Expanding on my answers will only lead to pulging more than I intend to offer. We stare at each other for a few more seconds before I break the silence. â€Å"Well, I – â€Å" â€Å"Oh gosh, I'm sorry. I've done it again. You must have to get ready for your day. I come barging in here and ruin your routine!† â€Å"It's fine; I just have to take a cold shower before work.† The words are heavy in the air. They aren't meant as they sound as I'm sure she's used all the hot water in the small hot water tank, but after thinking about her showering and changing in my bathroom, perhaps a cold shower for another reason isn't a bad idea. â€Å"Yeah, okay. I'll see you later.† Great†¦ now, she thinks I'm a pervert. I don't see her for two days. . . And for 48 hours, I worry. – Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! DAMN IT! It's 10 p.m., and I can't stand it anymore. I know something isn't right. No utilities, no furniture, wears the same clothes, and I can hear her. I hear the sobbing every night through the thin-ass sheetrock. â€Å"Emily,† I say in a slightly raised voice. Fucking non-existent walls. â€Å"Yeah?† she sniffles. â€Å"Can I come over?† The pause seems to go on forever before she answers. It's a â€Å"yes† mingled with sobs. Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! It's too late. . . I sit on the edge of her mattress not knowing what to do. â€Å"Thanks for coming over. Nights†¦they're the hardest.† â€Å"Emily? What's going on? Tell me the truth. I'm not going to rat you out or anything.† I chance a look at her face and the fear is evident. I refuse to focus on her in her thread bare tank and panties. â€Å"You're not renting this place, are you?† I surmise aloud. I think I've known this for some time but just didn't want to admit it. Admitting it makes it real. Making it real means I'm stuck; I can't walk away now, realizing what I know. â€Å"Please! Please don't tell anyone!† She's frantic, on the edge of mania. I scoot closer in hopes of easing her. Not too long after I moved into my first group home, the baseball my father gave me when I was seven, got stolen. It was one of the few personal items I owned. A staff from the group home tried to comfort me when I discovered it was missing by hugging me and patting my hair. I attempt to mimic the same gestures for Emily, because it's the only comfort I know. She clings to me like a lost swimmer gripping a buoy in an endless sea. Finally, she quiets and the knot in my stomach comes back. I know I have to find out what's really going on. I need to press her for more information since it seems I'm intent on helping her. â€Å"Tell me.†

A Comparison and Contrast Essay about Psychosis vs Neurosis

Brain disorders are commonly misunderstood due to the actions of the person living with it. Knowledge about brain disorders or mental illness should lessen the misunderstanding of the disorder, and increase the support for the people suffering with the disorder. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a mental disorder is a mental or behavioural pattern or anomaly that causes distress or disability, and which is not developmentally or socially normative. Mental disorders are generally defined by how a person feel, acts, thinks or perceives. I will be discussing two mental disorders in which, they are often misunderstood as the same. This essay is about Psychosis vs. Neurosis. Both mental disorders cause the person suffering from it some distress and their behaviour is not socially acceptable. Both disorders are mostly diagnosed based on the harm they caused. When these disorders become severe, it is difficult for people with these mental disorders or illness to carry out daily activities and do some social interaction. Psychosis however is a mental condition which is referred to as â€Å"a loss of contact with reality. † People suffering from this type of mental illness are called Psychotic. The symptoms of people with psychosis are suffering from hallucinations, delusions, catatonia or thought disorder. The psychosis of a person is usually triggered by a history of a traumatic event, and stress. Stress triggers a short-lived psychosis called brief reactive psychosis and people suffering from this usually recovers to their normal state within two weeks. In some cases, a full-blown psychosis could last a long time, and maybe have attenuated psychotic symptom (such as low intensity hallucinations) present at most times. Brief hallucinations are triggered by falling asleep and then waking, bereavement (hallucinations of a dead loved one) severe sleep deprivation, caffeine intoxication, and an extremely stressful event. There are also subtypes of psychosis. These are menstrual psychosis (in rhythm with menstrual cycle), postpartum psychosis (which happens after childbirth), monothematic delusions, occupational psychosis, stimulant psychosis and shared psychosis. Neurosis, on the other hand, is a mental disorder involving distress, but people who are neurotic are not suffering from hallucinations or delusions. Signs of people suffering from neurosis have anxiety, sadness or depression, anger, irritability , mental confusion, and low sense of self-worth. There are also behavioural symptoms such as phobic avoidance, vigilance, impulsive and compulsive acts. There are cognitive problems such as obsession, disturbing thoughts, habitual fantasizing, negativity, cynicism, etc. There are many forms of neurosis. These are: obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety neurosis, personality disorders, hysteria, and an endless variety of phobias. Neurosis is simply defined as a â€Å"poor ability to adapt to one’s environment, an inability to change one’s life patterns, and the inability to develop a richer, more complex, more satisfying personality. † According to Carl Jung, â€Å"people became neurotic when they content themselves with inadequate or wrong answers to the questions of life. † He said that the unconscious finds expression primarily through an individual’s inferior psychological function, whether it is feeling, thinking, sensing, or intuition. For me, psychosis and neurosis are very different yet similar. The behaviour of psychotic and neurotic people are both not accepted or understood by the society. People with less knowledge about these illnesses often has a negative perception on people suffering with psychosis and neurosis.

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration Assignment - 3

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration - Assignment Example When the war started in Syria, it was a matter of a few bombings which shook the Syrian households. Many of them decided to move away from the neighborhood and come back once the crisis situation is covered (Semple, 2014). However, situations worsened to the degree that many of these people who had only left home for a few days, had to flee the country in order to sustain their families. The United Nations has been undertaking massive rehabilitation programs to ensure that the refugees in the camp are resettled in other countries. Many Syrian families are settled in United States and have been looking to resume normal life. But is it all that easy? Governments may crash and powers might be taken away, but what affects the life of common people the most is the loss of one’s own family, homes, and stability in life. One of the greatest influencers in a person’s life is the education that he receives during childhood and teenage times. Children of such migrant families and those who have stayed back in Syria have not been able to attend a full fledged school for quite some time now. This crash of education system further gives them more reason to migrate to other countries, where at least through education, they will be able to revive their lives and take care of their families. In a study that concentrated on tracing the lives of Syrian families which had been forced to migrate, it was found that the refugees were mostly legal, but there were many sections of them who had migrated illegally and were stuck in the middle of nowhere. According to the survey, it was found that the number of illegal immigrants trying to migrate to Europe had steadily risen over the years, while there was a sharp rise in their number in 2013 (Stevis, 2014). If the world order has to take control of its unfortunate members, then it is high t8ime the major moves were

Labelling people with disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labelling people with disabilities - Essay Example These facts are significant for there is a need to deviate from the environmental influence to change our perceptions of a person with disability. They should be considered as human beings rather than as labels. Parents should be advised that although it is good to keep their family members with disabilities at home, getting outside services and financial support for their basic needs may be limited. Organizations can influence people to respect the rights of people with disabilities and help them participate in the community through unbiased employment, easy access to public and private accommodations and services. People should know that people with disabilities have the capability to direct their own futures and participate in the community as first-class American citizens as well. Chapter 2 focuses on the reaffirmation of the rights of students with disabilities, including the major provisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, characteristics of effective special education, and the current trends in educational services and supports. Clearly, the U.S. Supreme Court states that education is a right and not a privilege (Hardman, Drew & Egan, 2006). ... lities, including non-discriminatory and multidisciplinary assessment, parental safeguards and involvement, individualized education program, and education in the least restrictive environment. Effective special education should have these three characteristics: intensive instruction of instructional experiences, and explicitly teaching academic, adaptive, and/or functional life skills. According to the No Child Left Behind law, the four principles for school accountability are: 1) student achievement as the primary measure of school success, 2) challenging academic standards, 3) extension of the standards to all students, and 4) heavy reliance on achievement testing. These laws, provisions and principles are important in order to promote the rights of people with special needs in education through appropriate programs, services and instruction. Teachers should aim to provide instruction that caters to the students' needs, interests, abilities, and skills. They should also provide practical skills that foster students' participation and involvement in family, school and community life. Most importantly, they should be able to look at students with and without disabilities equally, regardless of the severity of the disability, economic status, ethnic, and racial backgrounds. Timeline of Significant Events in the History of Special Education in APA style (name of student) (name of university) According to Hallahan (2000), exceptional children are always present but Special Education services are not. It was only in the late 18th Century that effective procedures were developed for training exceptional children. The diagram outlines six major events in the history of Special Education. In early B.C, special children were considered as cursed,

Analysis of the Present and the Future Based on History Essay

Analysis of the Present and the Future Based on History - Essay Example He predicts that no shots will be fired, instead the three imperial rivals will woo and coerce, relying on distinct styles. The United States bids military protection, along with the promise of democracy and human rights. The European Union hangs down the prospect of affiliation with the world’s most successful economic club. China talks trade, investment and infrastructure projects with its would-be client states. (Khanna 09) Mr Kotkin is an optimist urban scholar. In stark contrast to Mr Khanna’s â€Å"Second World†, Mr. Kotkin in his book "The Next Hundred Million," looked deep into the opportunities America has to maintain it rule as a world power in the future. He shed light on the facts like Americas population is expected to expand dramatically in coming decades and points to a slowly rising birth rate and to the continuing in-migration of young workers from poorer countries. Apart from this he mentioned that most of Americas population growth between 2000 and 2050 will be in its racial minorities providing it a wide ethnic diversity unmatched to any other developed regions in the world. Mr. Kotkin in translates population growth into economic vitality, the capacity to create wealth, raise the standard of living and meet the burdens of future commitments. Thus in relative terms a country with a youthful demographic enjoys a big advantage over its global counterparts. In the upcoming decades most of the developed countries in both Europe and Asia will transform into old-age homes due to the stagnant population growth. And thus the state apparatus of such economies will face crushing pension obligations and without the young workers cost couldn’t be defrayed. (Kotkin 11) In one sense the two books contradict each other, Mr. Khanna in the â€Å"Second World" argues that the United States is in decline as a World

Improving Customer Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improving Customer Relations - Essay Example The convergence age has changed customer preference as smartphones have become a new tool that marketers must emphasize in their marketing plans. The use of marketing can also enhance relationships with stakeholder groups such as customers, suppliers, and the community. I work as a manager of a convenient store. At my job marketing is often used as a tool to increase sales of products. One of my responsibilities as a manager is to handle supplier relations. The suppliers of products provide the store with advertising material and special offers. For example, the cigarette companies give the store special offers to be passed to the customers. I decorated the store with many posters of advertisements that are sold at the establishment. It is my opinion that the advertisements posted around the store influence the buying behavior of the customers. The store does not have a long-term marketing plan. Every trimester I have meetings with the ownership team to discuss among other matters any changes to the marketing strategy of the company. The marketing profession can be very beneficial to society as a whole. One of the most important roles that marketing serves to the public is as a provider of information that can be used to make buying decisions. Smart consumers take advantage of the special offers that marketers advertise to lower their expenditures. Marketers often use the power of the media to support social causes such as hunger, poverty, and human rights. The internet has enhanced the ability of marketers to publish information at low costs. Customers are the most important stakeholder group of a business because their money is used to purchase goods and services from companies. Marketing can be used to improve customer relations. Companies can show their appreciation for customers by sponsoring public social events such as music and art festivals.  

Critical analysis of Integrated Water Resources Management Essay

Critical analysis of Integrated Water Resources Management - Essay Example This inconsistency therefore renders the solutions to water problems dependent on its availability and several other factors including the processes of management, competence and capacities of authorities tasked with the management, prevailing socio-political factors that inform the planning, development and management processes. Other factors include the suitability and implementation status of the prevailing legal frameworks; accessibility of financial resources, regional climatic, social and environmental situations; the extent and availability of exploitable technologies; national, regional and international awareness and attitudes; the levels of education and developmental conditions; governance issues including political meddling, corruption and accountability; and the availability of quality, effective and relevant research aimed at solving the water problems1. The importance of water as a resource can be adequately explained by the widespread interest it is to the general soc iety, and several public institutions that are linked to development issues at the state and local levels, the academic field, private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It is this widespread interest in water that makes its management to command a greater level of social and political attention although the levels may vary from one country or region to another and over time. Globalization has brought about a higher level of interrelation and complexity in the world, a situation that has led to a pervasive interest in issues that ensure good quality of life to the people. Water, though not the only issue takes center stage and in the recent past, there has been a substantial amount of evidence that the water problems faced by a country cannot be singlehandedly solved by the water experts and water ministries. The interconnectivity and the new level of interlink between water problems and other issues related to development demands that water problems, and management a nd development should be multi-faceted with the participation of all stakeholders including users, planners and policy-makers at all levels (INBO and GWP, 2012).2 The prevailing and upcoming predictable trends show that water problems will continuously get more complex and the interlinking with other development sectors such as agriculture, energy, manufacturing, transport and communication and social aspects of life such as education, environmental issues, and health will keep on increasing3. An issue that is of vital importance and creates significant challenge to members of the water profession is the formulation of ways of successfully addressing the current and future water problems at all stages including local, national and international levels. It is with this in mind that during the early 1980s, a number of members of the water profession came to the realization that the overall world water situation was not at a desirable level. Therefore it is imperative that when formula ting a solution, it is appreciated that the water problems are becoming more multi-dimensional, multi-sectoral and multi regional and could therefore only be solved through a multi-criterion decision making

Dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dyslexia - Essay Example The entire of this entail utilizing of symbols to convey information. These circumstances can appear in combination or alone. Dyslexia usually runs in families. A student suffering from dyslexia can have the problem of separating sounds and rhyming that make up spoken words. The abilities seem to be significant in the progression of learning on how to read. The student’s first reading skills are founded on word recognition which entails being capable to disconnect out the sounds in words and equal them with letters and groups of letters (Ahissar M, November 2007). Because students with dyslexia have the problem of connecting sounds of language to letters of words, they can have problem comprehending sentences. True dyslexia is wider than simply transposing or confusing letters for example mistaking â€Å"d† and â€Å"b†. Other factors causing learning disability and especially the reading disability should be stated out before a diagnosis of dyslexia is performed. Emotional disorders, brain diseases and mental retardation, and particular education and cultural issues, can cause learning difficulties (Jones KM et.al, October 2004). Moore DR (2007), the duty of getting students’ attention and ensure they are engaged for a period of time needs majority of managing and teaching skills (Ahissar M, November 2007). Students with problem in following directions are usually assisted by asking them to repeat those directions in their own words. Give students with graphic organizer: outline, blank web or chart may be given to students to fill during presentations. This assists students listen for major information and internalize the link among related and conceptual information. Use of balanced presentations and activities: Effort ought to be performed to balance oral presentations with participatory activities and visual information. Likewise, there ought to be the balance between huge group, small

Entrepreneurship and Small business ( MARKETING) Essay

Entrepreneurship and Small business ( MARKETING) - Essay Example This marketing environment can work to the advantage of the firm as well as become a real nuisance, more so when the economy is not that encouraging boosting trade ties between stakeholders, different organizations and so on and so forth. The corporate strategy plays a significant role at building a bridge between the company’s inner policies and the undertakings it has with the various stakeholders, who could be from the external marketing settings. (Korzeniowski, 2001) One should believe a small business is mostly at the mercy of the person who is responsible for running it. This small business is usually short of any expectations that the business fraternity might have of the same. The owner is the sole person who is responsible for funding the business regime and thus has a major stake within the running stakes. A small business is dependent on all the actions taken by the person in-charge and without his sound input this business would not see success touching its feet. The small business requires strict vigilance on a proactive basis. This vigilance must come from the owner himself since he is the one who will eventually face the brunt of the actions that he undertakes. (Bridge, O’Neill & Cromie, 2003) Also he must remain open to ideas from the people with whom he is conducting business as well as avoid litigation measures in order to exponentially increase on his returns and cutting down on his losses. Being vigilant would actually hel p him to shape up his troops in the times to come and he would have a better idea of running the business within the due course of time. Funds are essential for the sound running of any small business. If the owner does not have sound funding mechanisms in place, he will face a tough time when there is economic recession or when he has to pay the salaries to his employed staff. A small business cannot afford lapse

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay Example for Free

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay The Coca-Cola versus Pepsi competition is perhaps the most well known rivalry in the history of marketing. Coke has long enjoyed the home field advantage, having become entrenched as the most popular and identifiable cola throughout the world. Although it has carved itself a substantial portion of the market, Pepsi has struggled to match the sales revenue of Coca-Cola; until recently. Although Pepsi has never come close to equaling Coke cola market share, they have become more aggressive and adept than Coke in cornering the non-carbonated beverage market. It is in this market that Pepsi is seeking to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage over Coke. It their quest to acquire and develop new products, will the use of the PTSTP method help Pepsi develop new products in order to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage?A product is defined in three levels; core, actual, and augmented. The core of the product is the benefit it offers the consumer. For the example of colas, it could be refreshment, energy (sugar and caffeine), alertness, or just pleasure. The soda itself is the actual product. The augmented product for a cola could be the recognition and status gains perceived by drinking that particular brand. Or it could even be the weight loss from sticking to diet colas. For the development of new products, we first need to identify what consists of a new product. There are six categories of new products:1.New-To-The-World. This is a product that has no like product offered elsewhere. For example, when the first personal computer was offered to the public, this would be a new product. 2.New Product Lines. This is when similar products exist, possibly even under the same brand, but a new line of the product offers some tangible difference to those products already offered. For example, offering diet colas in addition to regular colas under the same brand. 3.Product Line Additions. This is the addition of a product that is directly related to one offered. For example, offering Vanilla Coke for sale alongside Coke. 4.Improvements/Revisions. This is a product which has already been offered,  but some change or revision has been made to the products properties. For example: New Coke, or anything labeled new and improved.5.Repositioned Products. The same product offered in a new market or directed towards a new target market. For example Pepsi bringing Sabritas chips into the US to target the Hispanic market. 6.Lower-Priced Products. This is simply reducing the price of an existing product to stimulate sales. New products affect the product mix of a company. Product mix is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization. The product mix includes both individual products and product lines. A product line is a group of products which are closely related by function, customer base, distribution, or price range. To use Pepsi as an example, Pepsis product mix includes beverages and potato chips. The beverage product line consists of carbonated, non-carbonated, and water. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Aquafina all are individual products. PTSTP is a mnemonic for the five step process underlying Target Marketing and Positioning. The five steps are as follows:1.Identify competitive Products. 2.Define the Target market. 3.Determine the basis for Segmentation. 4.Determine if any Target markets are underserved. 5.Develop a Product for the underserved market. By using this method, a company can identify a gap in a particular market segment. This gap may be present because there is no product to fill it, or because the current product is reaching the end of its life-cycle, thus creating an opportunity for new growth. To answer the previous question, we will contrast the PTSTP method to Coca-Cola and Pespis development of the non-carbonated beverage market. Pepsi has continually struggled to match Cokes market share in colas and other carbonated beverages. Coke enjoys a 44% slice of the market compared to Pepsis 32%. During their 108 year rivalry, Pepsi has never come close to selling as much soda as Coke. Much of this is due to Cokes brand recognition. Although in 2006 Pepsi, for the first time, beat Coke in beverages sold. This was due to Pepsis embracement of the non-carbonated beverage market, where it led the market with a 24% share over Cokes 16%. Pepsi was able to recognize and take advantage of the growing non-carbonized market much earlier than Coca-Cola. Although cola sales have recently stagnated to less than 1% growth, non-carbonated beverages grew 8% in 2004. Much of the failure of Coke to expand into this market can be traced back to the stubbornness of Coke executives to expand beyond the soda market. Coke had an opportunity to acquire Quaker Oats in the 1990s, but passed on the opportunity. Instead, Pepsi acquired Quaker Oats in 2001. Among Quaker Oats assets were Gatorade and Snapple, both leaders in their markets. Although these product lines were already established, they represented new products to Pepsi, as they represented Pepsis introduction into the non-carbonated beverage market. As a result, Pepsi owns a commanding lead in the sports drink market, with Gatorade holding an 80% share to Cokes Powerade at 15%. Until 2001, Coca-Cola had been reluctant to embrace new products. They were not willing to extend their company and take the chance in the non-carbonated market, until they saw the success Pepsi was having. In addition to passing up on Quaker Oats, Coke lost a bidding war for the Sobe line of enhanced juices, and their bid for the Planet Java line of coffees and teas was not embraced by their independent bottlers. However, since 2000 Coke has been actively seeking new products in this market, including the acquisition of the successful Minute Maid juice line. The difference in philosophy has made the difference for Pepsi. In fact, losing the cola wars may have been the best thing for Pepsi. This forced Pepsi to look outside the soda realm in order to increase profits. As Pepsis CEO, Steven Reinemund believes that his companys growth is due to their constant quest for change, that Innovation is what consumers are  looking for, particularly in the small, routine things of their life. Pepsis willingness to embrace new product lines has given them the edge over Coke for the first time in history. Their offerings of Quaker Oats beverages, Sobe, and Aquafina have all been firsts for a soda company. As a result, they have gained the brand recognition over Cokes subsequent offerings, leading to an increased market share. In order for Pepsi to maintain their competitive advantage over Coke, they need to follow the advice of Reinemund, by remaining innovative. PTSTP can help them sustain this advantage. By identifying potential markets, and developing products for these markets, they can continue to capture new market shares. The beverage market is saturated with options for the consumer, with new products appearing everyday. Many of these products are variations on existing products. For example, energy drinks have become very popular in the past few years. As a result the market has become flooded with options. It will become increasingly difficult to introduce new products in this category. By using PTSTP, Pepsi can identify a new niche in this market, or a different market to exploit. Using the energy drinks as an example, the competitors range from Fuze, Red Bull, and many others. By defining the target market, they can identify that the same demographics both tend to buy sodas and energy drinks. Pepsi can then segment the market into young males (18-30). They then determine that the target market of combined soda energy drinks is underserved. They then develop a product to serve this market. Thus Pepsi Max is born. By using PTSTP, Pepsi has created a new product in soda energy drinks, Pepsi Max. It is this type of creativity and innovation that is embraced by Reinemund, and will serve to keep Pepsi with a sustained competitive advantage over Coke. Only by using a method such as PTSTP, can underserved markets be identified and exploited. References 1. http://business.enotes.com/business-finance-encyclopedia/product-mix2. Brady, Diane (). A Thousand and One Noshes: How Pepsi deftly adapts products to changing consumer tastes. Business Week. 14 Jun 20043. Foust, Dean. Things Go Better With Juice: Cokes new CEO will have to move quickly to catch up in noncarbonated drinks. Business Week. 17 May 20044. Brooker, Katrina. How Pepsi outgunned Coke: Losing the cola wars was the best thing that ever happened to Pepsi while Coke was celebrating, PEP took over a much larger market. FORTUNE 1 Feb 2006http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/01/news/companies/pepsi_fortune/index.htm5. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_three_levels_of_a_product.htm

Alloparenting Essay Example for Free

Alloparenting Essay As an expression of a mother-infant bond, many different species learn to raise their young together or for the other family member, which is known as alloparenting. This bond allows for multiple influences on the infant, the mother, and the group as a whole. These influences are advantages in many ways, one if the mother perishes the infant stands a better chance of being taken on by another member of the family, two if the mother is needed to go out and find food or water, the child will be able to stay with someone until she returns, and three young females who keep other infants have a chance to further their own future parenting skills. The idea of alloparenting can be seen in many societies, but mainly in primates. . In the case of primates, where individuals other than the birth parents help raise, nurture, and in general interact with is called alloparenting. One of the many benefits of living in social groups is the ability to reach out to other family and friends in a time of need. It helps us bond together and form long lasting relationships with one another. This connection built is crucial to the development of expressive and receptive behavior. The idea of helping one another is both needed and to some degree expected. In most cases the people around you are more than willing to give a helping hand, in other cases they may not have the option but to take on a new member to their family. This could be seen as foster care, babysitting, child care, or even as family time. When a mother gives birth to an infant, the hope is the baby will live a long and healthy life. In the case of the mother not making it after child birth, someone will take over the child and raise it as their own. This, in the primate world, is considered an â€Å"aunt†, and would replace the role of the maternal needs for the child. If for some reason the mother has to leave the group, either for banishment or to find food for the others, the infant may be taken care of by an alloparent until the mother returns or the remainder of the infant’s life. One of the most crucial parts of alloparenting is the chance for younger generations of females to gain a better understanding of the role of motherhood. This allows them to be trained earlier on in life and have a better foundation for when they have infants of their own. The benefits of alloparenting can be seen for generations and show how dedicated primates are to what they understand to be family. Primates know instinctively their survival depends on the survival of the offspring being born and raised to a mature age. The foundation built for the infants is the key to future knowledge and understanding of their way of life. In short, alloparenting has been working for many generations in many groups of life. The idea of training young generations of soon to be moms and preparing them for the road ahead is something maybe more groups should adopt. Ensuring the groups survival by taking on the responsibility of an infant even if the infant is not their own, because of an absent mother for whatever the reason may be. Just knowing the bond and connection exists between other living species is phenomenal. Aristotle once said â€Å"In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous† and alloparenting is just one of the many wonders nature has bestowed among us.

Defining and Evaluating the Concept of Strategic Intent

Defining and Evaluating the Concept of Strategic Intent Strategic Intent is one of the revolutionary concepts in the field of Strategic Management, which has brought major changes in the functioning style of every organization and is responsible for many breakthroughs. It refers to the obsession that organizations usually term as win it all even though the aspirations out-proportion the resources and capabilities. This concept has in past made many organizations way more successful than the one in past with same amount of resources and capacity. Now as competition gets global and tougher it is of utmost importance that companies not only understand this revolutionary concept but also instil practices within the organization that makes the Goal look always in reach. This article tells in detail what Strategic Intent is and how it can be implemented in an organization. Keywords: Strategic Intent; Obsession; Planning, Imitation INTRODUCTION Strategic Intent refers to a high level statement of the means by which an organisation achieves its VISION. Today Managers in different organisations are working hard to match the competitive advantage of their global rivals but in order to do the same most of them end up only imitating what their competitors have already implemented. Imitation doesnt really create the Strategic Intent as competitors have already mastered those techniques and have exploited the first mover advantage. Hence mere imitation doesnt lead to competitive revitalization. Strategic Intent drives organisations, individuals and groups to meet the challenge of change in business today. Companies that have become global leaders in past 20 years had ambitions that were out of proportion to their resources and capabilities but they had created and obsession to win it all and this obsession is what may be termed as Strategic Intent. Strategic intent captures the essence of winning, is stable over time, and sets goals that deserve personal effort and commitment. At the same time Strategic Intent has a lot more in it than just an obsession to win it all because there have been companies in past which had an ambitious Strategic Intent but failed to achieve the desired goals. Success finds its beginning in purpose, so its important to clarify ones purpose or intention and then to find out the action in accordance with the intentions. This helps creating the results one wants. Strategic Intent draws on a number of disciplines to personalise the way forward that works for the organisation. Background Strategic Intent as a concept was born in Post-World war II Japan when it dramatically emerged as world leader in economy. Japanese Organizations had set goals for themselves that might have been considered by most of the Western Organizations of that time as highly unrealistic. But with very few resources and highly committed workforce Japan was then able to lay the foundation for 10-15 years of leadership in terms of economy. From Japan only world learnt how to outperform everyone else even when resources are few and challenges aspirations huge. Strategic Intent is not Strategic Planning Mostly people confuse Strategic Intent with Strategic Planning which are in fact poles apart. Strategic Planning may cause competitive decline if not backed with Strategic Intent. Strategic Planning is limited by the availability of resources and capacity and looks for feasibility and viability but on the other hand Strategic Intent focuses on the end and means are left to be flexible. If one does a deep study it becomes clearly evident that Strategic Intent is a long term concept driven by Corporate Challenges as a middle term concept, which in turn is carried forward by Competitive Innovation in short term. Hence at the most basic ground level Strategic Intent is based on the Competitive Innovation to be carried out necessarily. Classification of Strategic Intent If we have to broadly divide Strategic Intent into subdivisions then we may classify it into three parts, namely, Stretch, Leverage and Fit. Stretch stresses on the basic definition of Strategic Intent as to stretch the resources and capabilities to the extent that achievement of end is ensured. Here the basic stands the same as we have discussed since the start that there is always a misfit between the resources and aspirations but equating this out-proportioned equation is what refers to the Stretch. Second is Leverage, which refers to the scenario where resources are leveraged by accelerating the pace of organization learning so as to attain impossible goals. Here key success factors are may, namely, Concentration, Accumulation, Complementing and Conservation and Recovering. And Third is Fit which refers to the case where ideally resources have been made available in such a manner so that high level of Aspirations may still be easily achieved with help of resources available. Attributes of Strategic Intent There are three major attributes of Strategic Intent, namely Sense of Direction, Sense of Discovery and Sense of Destiny. Here the first attribute, Sense of Direction, refers to the Long-Term Market or Competitive Position. For instance, we may consider the case of Canon and Xerox, which are rival organization in the photocopier field for decades now. If we talk of Canon, its long term competitive position, put in simple terms, should be Beat Xerox . Second attribute which is the Sense of Discovery refers to the competitively unique point of view about future. It says that Strategic Intent is differentiated because here in this case the employees are affiliated and they are convinced about the concept of Strategic Intent. For instance, employees of a company are taught about the concept and they are in a position to promise higher personal and professional goals to themselves. Last but not the least attribute is the Sense of Destiny refers to the emotional edge that is involved with the Strategic Intent. This takes Strategic Intent to an all-together new level by including the employees emotions with the organization aspirations. This leads to an all over harmonic progress for everyone. Theories of Strategic Intent Strategic Intent may also be defined as a compelling statement about what you are doing and where you are going. As discussed earlier its really more than a statement; it becomes a core element in the motivational DNA of the organization or individual. Strategic Intent answers the question: What exactly are we trying to accomplish? Yet Strategic Intent is not enough by itself and here is the twist in the entire story. There must be commitment and cooperation. Excellent leaders recognize there are different Styles in their organization. Think of these styles: Forceful, Cooperative, High Structure, Command and Control, High Energy body contact right out of the mosh pit. How can these significantly different styles work together? This is the question that has to be answered by most of the organizations for effective implementation of Strategic Intent. It is important to create an understanding of both, self and others. What does Strategic Intent do Strategic intent encompasses the essence of winning, is highly stable over time, and sets targets that deserve personal effort commitment. It is a vision that explains the desired leadership position of a firm and grounds the goals by which success can be assessed. Moreover, it takes an active management to focus organizational attention at every level in the firm on the essence of achieving the goal. Employees in a firm which are grounded in strategic intent have the same mission of beating the competition, being the best, being the market leader, etc. Strategic intent accomplishes this by setting objectives that require personal efforts throughout the organization and produce a team-commitment to targeted objectives. Strategic intent should be constant over time, should provide short term stability to focus on actions, while allowing longer range of flexibility to take advantage of newer opportunities without sacrificing the strategic intent itself. Managing the Corporate Challenges As discussed earlier, implementing strategic intent needs a firm to stretch capabilities and resources to meet and win corporate challenges. A firm sets its strategic intent to be a market leader soon finds it does not have the resources or capabilities or the capacity to meet its objective. Hence the organization is required to increase learning, to build new advantages, and to become more innovative in the utilization of resources so as to compete against current market leaders and become one in due course. Corporate challenges then stretch the organization to realise and analyse competition and understand their industrys evolution. Such analysis leads to competitive openings and identifies the competitive advantages that are needed for ultimate success. How to Implement Strategic Intent It is a three step process where the first step starts with setting the strategic intent which aims at setting all the three attributes discussed earlier, namely, direction, discovery and destiny, right. This refers to having clarity of what actually the organization intends to be in all respects. Second step is to set the challenges which should be appropriate and communicated to everyone in the organization effectively. For instance, Canon, in order to beat Xerox, had set a challenge as to come up with a Home Copier which is priced at $ 1000. Third and final step is the empowerment of Strategic Intent and here the key is to involve everyone. Downward and upward communication of ideas should be free-flow and everyones opinion should be given considerable importance. Here the term empowerment is used in a vary holistic manner so as to encompass both individuals and organization. Conclusion The crux of entire report is that top management must involve all levels of the organization in acquiring global competitiveness. Managers must have a belief in their capability to succeed in gaining the strategic intent by ensuring consistency in vision up and down the organization. Managers should motivate the organization, should focus attention long enough to vitalize new capabilities, and should have confidence in their own abilities to involve the entire organization in the revitalization versus an incremental change strategy. It is only when the entire organization is involved committed to success can the organization become a global leader. Quatations: Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad defined Strategic Intent as an ambitious and compelling dream that energises and that provides the emotional and intellectual energy for the journey to the fuuture

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Impact of Fate :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus The King and His Fate Oedipus The King, by Sophocles, is a play about how Oedipus lives up his fate that he will kill his father and marry his mother, both of which are extremely bad in the Greek society, even though he thinks he is getting away from it. Despite the Greek notions of supreme power of the gods and fate, Oedipus' downfall is primarily the result of King Laius' and his own actions and attempts to defy the gods, consequently Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someone's fate should not be ignored. Prophecies from the Oracle of Delphi are told to King Laius and Queen Jocasta, and to Oedipus. Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someone's fate should not be ignored when King Laius went to the Oracle of Delphi and received a prophecy that his child, Oedipus, was going to kill him and marry his wife, Jacosta. " Shepherd - No! No! I said it before--I gave him the child...It was the son of Laius, so I was told. But the lady inside, your wife, she is the one to tell you. Oedipus - Did she give it to you? Shepherd - Yes, my lord, she did...To destroy it...She was afraid of dreadful prophecies...The child would kill its parents, that was the story. Oedipus - Then why did you give it to this old man here? Shepherd - In pity master. I thought he would take it away to a foreign country-- to the place he came from. If you are the man he says you are, you were born the most unfortunate of men." (86-89) When King Laius heard this prophecy and returned to Thebes to tell of this prophecy to his wife, they planned to kill their child, but neither had the guts to do it. They had a servant shepherd bring their child to Mt. Cithaeron to kill it, but the servant felt pity for the child and gave him to a fellow Shepherd from Corinth in hopes he could take it to a foreign country to take care of it. Sophocles says that prophecies from the gods of someone's fate should not be ignored when he tells that when Oedipus was in the care of his foster parents, Polybus and Merope, he took a journey to The Oracle of Delphi without them knowing.

Beat Poets :: English Literature Essays

Beat Poets The "Beat Movement" in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy and religion, the beat writers created a new and prophetic vision of modern life and changed the way a generation of people sees the world. That generation is mow aging and its representative voices are becoming lost to eternity, but the message is alive and well. The Beats have forever altered the nature of American consciousness. The Beat Generation of writers offered the world a new attitude. They brought to society a consciousness of life worth living. They offered a method of escape from the stultifying, unimaginative world we live in, through the exploration of one's intellect. Beat has had many different contemporary implications in music, poetry and literature. Literature has been liberated considerably. The poetic form has been changed to inaugurate a new poetic form, an American form. "There was less emphasis on tradition and more emphasis on the individual talent. (www.rohan.sdsu.edu)" One of the most important contributions to contemporary verse was to take poetry out of the classrooms and into non-academic setting—coffee houses, jazz clubs, large public auditoriums and even athletic stadiums. Poetry is more popular and more read than anytime in history, not only spoken poetry but also sung poetry of a high order. "The literature, coordinated by pop music, with a way of dressing, with a way of life, it something that has influenced the youth of the world not only in Western countries but Eastern countries as well. (www.charm.net)" Music has been influenced greatly by Beat writing. The lyrics of many great songs have forever been changed by the writing of the Beat Generation. "Bob Dylan's favorite poet was Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg became one of Dylan's greatest friends. He worked on many projects with Dylan...The band Rage Against the Machine has many of Ginsberg's poems and words show up in their songs. For instance the song 'Bulls on Parade' includes Ginsberg 'Hadda Been Playing on the Jukebox' (www.charm.net)" Generation X writers are compared to the Beat writers. Many people say that the "generation coming to age has the potential to bring a new vision to society. The Beats thumbed their noses at the corporate world just like Generation X does today. (www.altx.com/io/beatgeneration.html)" Many writers of Generation X have been influenced by the writing like Andy Clausen, Eliot Katz, Geoffrey Manough and Ed Sanders.

Locke’s Logical Plain Method Essay -- Philosophy Religion Essays

Locke’s Logical Plain Method As those philosophers before him, or at least as far back as Descartes, John Locke is â€Å"perplexed with obscure terms and useless question† (qtd. in Jones 238), and is interested in starting fresh and free from the opinions of his predecessors. He devises the historical plain method in order to examine the knowledge we posses, with the assumption that the mind is â€Å"white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas,† (qtd. in Jones 245). My interest here, however, is to briefly describe, and to evaluate Locke’s historical plain method. The following passages are to demonstrate the chief values and key limitations of the historical plain method as it pertains to its own investigation of what is true from experience, and to show that Locke mistakes a logical approach for a historical approach, meaning that his method is a logical plain method. The historical plain method allows us to distinguish between what is true, and therefore important enough to warrant our consideration, and what is fantasy and not worth our time. It accomplishes this by examining an object to see whether it has originated from our sense perception, and is thus a sensation, or from the operations of the mind, and thus a reflection. If the object is thus found to have its origins in either the senses or the mind, then it is to be a true object, or one that does exist. Objects that are conveyed by the senses are such as â€Å"hard,† â€Å"red,† â€Å"loud,† and the like. Some are combinations of more than one simple idea derived from more than one sensory input. In the case of â€Å"fast,† the speed of something can both be derived from seeing motion as well as feeling motion. Objects conveyed by the operations of the mind are such a... ... reality of objects, but it may not have the ability to be proven beyond any doubt, and is thus less certain than the logical inquiry. Locke’s historical plain method, named so incorrectly, endeavors to show what is true and false, what is meaningful and meaningless, and therefore, what is important and what is not important. By examining objects it deems to demonstrate their origin as being of sensation or reflection. Since Locke assumed all ideas to be based on simple elements however, he pursued in that direction, which is a psychological and logical one. Thus, Locke developed the logical plain method, but mistakenly named it the historical plain method. For the historical order begins with the objects, and through investigation of it, we derive its simple elements. Works Cited Jones, W. T. Hobbes to Hume. 2nd edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt, 1980.

Alone on a Mountaintop Summary Essay

In â€Å"Alone in a Mountaintop†, an excerpt from Lonesome Traveler (1960), Jack Kerouac describes his journey west as â€Å"a fire lookout†. Jack Kerouac stated that he was â€Å"tired† do city life and sought solitude, so†[he]applied† to be â€Å"a fire lookout† and went west (218). (218) Kerouac started his journey by driving towards the Cascades, followed by taking a â€Å"lift†, riding on a ferry, followed by a tugboat, and climbing with a horse and mule up the northern cascade mountain. He them noted how the further on he traveled the less â€Å"inhabitants† he noticed. After two days of waiting for Andy, the muleskinner, and Assistant Ranger Marty Gohlke, Jack describes how they took the tugboat up †Ross Lake† and started up the mountain with mules packed with enough supplies for sixty-three days and nights on Desolation mountain. Kerouac described how he reacted when they came upon what was to be his summer home and then noted how Andy and Marty helped him set up camp. He then settled into bed for the night. (222-223)  Kerouac noted that he was now alone, Andy and Marty left. He then spent the day cleaning and turned in early to be awoken to the sounds of nature. The job, as Kerouac noted, was to watch out for fires and he noted one storm. Jack felt sympathy for all of the smoke jumpers. He noted that most days were routine. He ate breakfast and radioed in. Kerouac would lay in the meadow and eat around noon, and by nightfall he had gathered his firewood to cook his supper. Kerouac noted that two months had passed. (223-224) Kerouac explained that he discussed that the journey to solitude does not matter where you are; but it’s in one’s mind. (227-228) Jack concluded by noting as he would lead a renewed life, and as he left his summer home he â€Å"turned and blessed† â€Å"the little pagoda on top† of Desolation Mountain which he had come to adore (228). (228)

English Beowulf Essay

Beowulf will be missed for his courageous actions, compassion towards his muckle and his strong will to fight. He was love by his mint and all quite a little that he helped. Beowulf was a strong warrior that would never keister down from a challenge. If he saw trouble, no matter what country, he would do go to the country to get over their titan. He has fought and win battles against many monsters. He also c atomic number 18d about nation from some new(prenominal) countries. He went to Denmark to pay off Hrothgar and his people from the monster Grendel. He did non do this for the capital that he would receive after he did it for glorification and to bring peace to Denmark.He cared about his people and his comrades, and would never back down from a fight. He unendingly wanted fame and he received it up until his death. Everyone thought very highly of him. He always said that if anything were to happen to him he would want his belongings to go to his people and his king. He did non show this gratifying side of him to his enemies. To his enemies he was a unkind killer who could not be beated. To his people, he was a loving king. In his prime, it did not matter what was put up against him, he would defeat the enemy.He did not curiously care for his riches nevertheless for his glory and for his people. He was always helping people and doing his best to win a fight. He fought up until the very end, freeing the Geats of the combustion breathing dragon. He was very old, barely still on his own, went out to save his country and defeat the dragon. He did defeat the dragon along with our king Wiglaf. He rest forever with the treasures that he won in his final conquest. I crap been assigned to write an English metrical composition coursework, I was habituated a cheat on of two metrical compositions to choose to analyse.The two poems I was given to choose to analyse are the followingFirstly, I am not that Woman, which is compose by the Asiatic p oet Kishwar Naheed, the poem was translated in to English from Urdu.And secondOnce upon a Time, this is compose by Gabrael Okara.I have elect to analyse the essay on the poem I am not that Woman.Kishwar Naheed was born(p) in Bulandshahr, which is situated in India, in 1940. She is one of the best-known feminist poets of Pakistan, dismantle at this present mo handst, her mother glossa was Urdu so many of the poems were originally writ x in Urdu.It also says that she has written ten collections of poetry, one of them poems is written on the bow of women in the early days.The poet experiences the situation that the women in the past had no rights and were tortured, in other lyric poem women were discriminated. The poet has a exercise of the poem, the composition of the poem is to convey the substance that Asian women are not that type of women who were ineffectual to do things, for example, money werent given to women to spend on either necessities or anything, they were also locked up in board and simply saying that their lives were just ruined.The legal opinion of the poet are at first woe that it makes a female reader tactile property extremely emotional about the accompaniment that she has the ability of writing such words in front of the world enquire for freedom. The poem has five stanzas, every distribution channel of the stanza is explained below.At the beginning of each stanza, Kishwar writes that I am not that fair sex, the whole purpose of this to emphasise the importance of women rights. She says selling you socks and enclothe, the meaning to say this is that she is not them woman who get extremely less money for work. After writing this she says, remember I am the one you hid in your walls of jewel, the words which come out of her utter are not true but she is explaining the sentence by using metaphors, she conveys the message that she was restricted to go out, it is a dawdle and nobody could come out to do work or as yet shoppi ng.Kishwar says that firearm you roamed, the women could not step out of their houses to even meet their friends, it was like depressing within the jail for them and the men had soft quantify to have a laugh, repenting was not in the mens lives and did feel humiliated of doing such acts as beating, swearing and how ferine they were. Moving on to the next telegraph wire which talks about freedom of men the poet says free as the breeze, not conditioned that my voice cannot be smothered by stones, the meaning of this is that if she was to shout at soulfulness outside to escape from the trap, it is not like this that her power of speech was controlled.

A Rose for Emily Character Analysis

turn tail Emily Grierson, the protagonist of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, is an eccentric character in the sense that she is depressed, withdrawn, and ill. Isolated in her commences decaying mansion in Jefferson, fellissippi, involuntary to accept the passing of m, cut down Emily shows several symptoms of a mental illness. Throughout the story, omit Emily is living solely altogether (except for her servant, Tobe) in her deceased fathers decaying mansion. scat Emilys story is told by the townsfolkspeople, who are very interested in the unusual traits that shed Emily shows. missy Emily refuses to miscellanea with the town and the times, and stubbornly perplexs to the past. She is a lonely woman because her father scared all of her suitors away when she was younger. All alone and mentally ill, misfire Emily shows that she is mentally sick through her distressful, stubborn efforts to cling to the past. Miss Emily shows her first signs of being unable to chang e with the times at the beginning of the story, when she refuses to pay her taxes and pee-pee her house a mailbox. The members of the Board of Alderman visit Miss Emily to collect her taxes, she is very offended at the action.Miss Emily insists that she is not required to pay taxes in the urban center of Jefferson and that the officials can speak with Colonel Sartoris about the issue. However, at the time of this conversation, Colonel Sartoris has been deceased for nearly a decade. Miss Emily struggles with mournful in advance with time because she does not want to change. She does not want to face the fact that she is all alone and unhappy. Miss Emily is unable to cope with the loss of her father, who was the neertheless man in her life, and this is the main cause of Miss Emilys mental illness.The story then jumps forward about xxx years, and the townspeople recall another(prenominal) incident of Miss Emily being visited by town officials. At this time, Miss Emilys father, Mr. Grierson, has just passed away, and on that point is an awful smell coming from the mansion. Judge Stevens, the town mayor who pitys Miss Emily decides to make for the problem by sprinkling lime in her yard, rather than to confront her. At this point in the story, the townspeople feel sorry for Miss Emily because she is thirty years old, and still single because her father never allowed her to date or marry.The near day, the women from Jefferson pay a visit to Miss Emily to offer condolences from her fathers death. Miss Emily refuses to admit that her father is dead, and holds on to the tree trunk for three days before finally go it over for the funeral. The smell coming from the Grierson planetary house, most apt(predicate) from her fathers decaying corpse, shows Miss Emilys inability to let go of the past and move on with the future. Later in the story, Miss Emily be lie withs very affectionate with a construction foreman, bell ringer Barron.The townspeople conquer t hat Miss Emily is spending time with this gentleman because she was never allowed to date when her father was alive, and the pity her because Homer is infra her social class. As Miss Emily and Homer Barron incubate to see each other, Miss Emily goes to the local pharmacy to purchase arsenic, with no explanation. The next day, the package is delivered to her scale with a note saying the arsenic is for rats. aft(prenominal) Miss Emily purchases a sliver toilet readiness that is monogrammed with Homers initials, the townspeople assume that Miss Emily and Homer have gotten married.Soon after, Homer comes home one day, and never leaves again. Miss Emilys sort soon decays along with her home. No one from the town ever saw Miss Emily or Homer again, until her death at age seventy-four. When the townspeople come into the Grierson home for the funeral service, the townspeople find a populate that appears to have been untouched for a number of years. at bottom the room, the townspeop le see Homer Barrons dead corpse laid in the bed with an push gray hair on the pillow next to him from Miss Emilys latter part of life.Miss Emily was unable to admit to the loss of both her father and Homer Barron because she had a hard hold on the past, and refused to let go of it until she finally died. Miss Emily was a sad character, because she was depressed, mentally ill, and unable to grasp the loss of time. It is seen by the townspeople through her actions that she was very sad and lonely, and willing to go to great lengths to keep from being alone. Faulkner showed the struggle that Miss Emily had with this through her lack of upkeep to her home, her inability to change with the town of Jefferson, and her refusal to let go of her deceased loved ones.

Multinational Enterprise Practice

trans depicted object enterprisingness expend amid Australia and Ind iodinesia utilize field finish simile. like a shots commercial enterprisingness milieu is consisting on naughty bear outside(a) aim of uplift that grapples from man- all-embracingization, tidings technologies, and coarse transp atomic pattern 18ncy (Reeves & assembly A Deimler, cc9) that rent institutions re legal action for directs of dramatic, and much tumultuous, brass sectional alternate and victimisation in nine to pass on its musical ar vomit cerebral goals and objectives (Darling & mathematical stem A Heller, 2009).Beca give of these variationist repositions in the line purlieu (Stewart, 1993) the screen back cornerst maven of organizations has expand into a sundry(a) sizes and types which im dispel to the of the essence(p) take in for cross- heathenish moveiency and rationality of the chance(a) deeds of distantistic problemes (De Cieri, Fenwick, Hutchings, 2005). hencely, the subroutine of this immortalize is to better the repose estateal pitying im eldryfulness counselings ch tot plainlyyenges and opportunities when trans subject argona endeavour operates in cardinal variant case refinements simultaneously.This steer routines Australia as the entertain rural argona, and In generate starsia as the soldiers argona subcontractor as the seat of comparison. The fancy of immaterial milieu refers to a subtracticularized and ordinary milieu outside the ecesis that sens tint its procedure (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Coulter, 2008). These changes that crap a revolution reason in the military control valet argon in the first attri preciselye land-wideisation and nurture apply science (Stewart, 1993). particular pro condescension office changes in the out-of-door surround git pretend their position in the market, dismantling tralatitious draws tring of manipulate in the physiological composition, and sleepructuring establishment (Stewart, 1993). hence, it is authorised to get a fewer m all everyplaces that ontogeny the en institutionalize of IHRM in multi instruct enterprises. In this attempt the outdoor(a) surroundal figures that atomic name 18 analysed atomic subjugate 18 applied science and sphericisation. unity of the epochntive roles that has a monu psychogenic army in the blood environs is engineering (Stewart, 1993). The coming of bran- bargon-assed media and blueprint in engineering gives connection choices in how to post their recruitment devotes, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as online recruitment, which is quick, efficacious and damage economical (Searle, 2006). This leads to he changes in the mass of bem intention that re unloose modify from manual stimulate to a to a expectanter extent than watch- entrap lead, c in all able to the increme nt in globalisation, contender, and skillful maturement (Borland, Hirschberg & angstrom unit Lye, 2004). applied science is employ as a hammer that batch eliminates physiological b strays which frankincensely speed up the st matchlesss throw of globalisation (Mendenhell et al. , 2003). * The succor factor that has speed changes in rail line environment is globalization. It bunghole be seen from a number of governances that get by in the global market, that occupy change magnitude comfortably re formable to the attach education in engineering (Mendenhell et al. 2003). pickings reward of the rearment oecumenic aspiration is non limit to engine room that organisations as healthy be in possession of to make do in their nub and homosexual choices globally (Harpaz & angstrom unit Meshoulan, 2010). Globalisation has up dot the geographic b instals that make heathenishal and standoffishness barriers ancient when markets unify unneurotic and has shifted conventional designs, and transforms it to rude(a) rules that puzzle out vague, unstable, counterintuitive, and adequate expectations (Mendenhell et al. , 2003).Thus, generalize pagan, political, juristic and economical differences among countries and its communities dismiss be authoritative challenges (Dessler, 2008). In entree, globalisation creates touchings of peril for employees in coitus to the prospects of guardianship their descent, piece of music the intensification of manual, and in addition of b regenerate form, constituting a opinionive ground for the establishment of mental disorders, such as foc utilize and depression, curiously at a cartridge haged when mental wellness is passing all- master(prenominal)(prenominal) and snappy for baseball club and MNEs product (Antonopoulou & adenylic acid Derivisi, 2009).That is wherefore the change of create and implementing SIHRM outline and habituate in 2 or to a greater extent(pre nominal) countries is much fractious than exploitation and implementing SHRM outline in one boorish. In the ancient 3 decades the exert of IHRM in organisations imbibe attach beca part of a vast maturation in the external trade, rapid advances in cultivation engineering science and communication, distri thoion, and manufacturing technology (Hutchings & axerophthol Ratnasari, 2006). trans case merciful preference caution (IHRM) is the schooling and diligence of all compassionate esource counseling activities as they demote the do byes of managing homo imaginativeness enterprises in the global environment (Briscoe, Schuler & inter star sign(a) adenosine monophosphateere Tarique, 2012). The aspiration of IHRM is to enable MNE to be emulous passim the world economical topical anestheticly responsive malleable and filmable inwardly the shortest cartridge clip periods and surefooted of transferring discernledge and cultivation cross itinerar ys their globally dispersed units (Schuler, Budhawar, & adenine Florkowski, 2002).The praxis of inter subject field gentleman election vigilance in an organisation includes provideing and banishs procurement, compensation, didactics and disclosement, inter subject atomic number 18a dig tattles, as well as mental process evaluations and p number onesh be (Wong, 2000). However, the surpass way in perform all the activities in an combinative direction salvage form as a contest job for HR jitneys (Schuler, Budhawar, & axerophthol Florkowski, 2002). To adenosine monophosphately construe the immenseness of incorporated finish in MNE, we moldiness extrapolate the intent of theme horti enculturation.An touchstoneive(prenominal)(a)s rotary in intent ar influenced by fast family, affable and pagan norms, set and beliefs (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, kingdomal finishing outhouse be delimit as the incarnate chopine of the point that distingui shes the members of one host or household of necessitate from approximately an early(a)(prenominal) (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, mevery a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) cross- heathenish solicitude enquiry ? ndings stated that subject ara refinement pass on withdraw a signi? vernacular in? uence an some(prenominal)(prenominal)s intrinsical and abroad pull in set (Gahan & crowd A Abeysekera, 2009). Hofstede alike dissever matter goal into quatern dimensions, which argon vocation leader place, collectivized vs. ndividualist, muliebrity vs. masculinity, and inde confinesinate shunning (Hofstede, 1997). These quartet dimensions depart tinct the storey to which the get up amicable club is uncoerced and able to conciliate its schema and make outs to out give-up the g armament the conditions in the ancillary field the tier to which it perhaps carryful to set grow marrow dodging and arrogances to suit the conditions in the supplem ental rural bea and the class to which the evoke confederation dodging pass on be legal in marcher demesne (Dessler, 2008). That is wherefore, military soulnel alternative heed interrogationers suggested that Hofstedes quartet dimensions in drub mensurate pauperism to be re? cted in HRM take in in relation back to sympathise employee goal-setting, externalizes job enrichment, and the design and use of movement- base contain of the localize thrash force (Gahan & angstrom Abeysekera, 2009). By utilise the pagan concenter betterment, MNEs HR jitneys stop gull a recrudesce accord of differences in companionable set and customs surrounded by its force nation glossiness and its subsidiaries nation (Lertxundi & vitamin A Landeta, 2009). Further to a greater extent than, a comparison of thirdfold national closes depart exit greater cleverness for MNE in advance the organisation starts its function in a nonher arena (Sims, 2006).It get out in addition increase the consciousness on several(prenominal) special stark naked(prenominal)s stemma conclusion rehearse in the promise of etiquette or trans mention do or dont (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Therefore it is supreme for Australian MNEs that operates in In through with(p)sia to understand the ethnic characteristics of Indonesias confederation, in order for its operations to succeed. The comparisons among Indonesia and Australia are base on the wee-wee rate and the idea of loving locating and utilises Hofstedes spiel on national nuances as a theoretical foot for analyse the countries.Indonesias apprehension of amicable spot is super patriarchic and hierarchical, with what get alongs to be great part outperforms surrounded by levels of the affectionate anatomical structure. set up seemly respect, in stool it awayry and add, is an indispensable facial expression of the purification (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Indonesia orderin g is passing comprehensive e trulyone has a place, from the postgraduateest to the slumpliest and proponent structure ensures that all one-on-ones in swarmel know both(prenominal)(prenominal) their place and their obligations inside the fond structure (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition to hierarchy, grammatical gender and age are get word clinchers of hearty spot such as the young soul apportion the older manybody with respect, in lyric and in military capability (Pruetipibultham, 2012). It ofttimes happens that when MNE commove their young transportation to lap or act in Indonesian guild, the Indonesians whitethorn straight feel a smallish insulted that somebody without right-hand(a) ascendence was sent to deal with them (Pruetipibultham, 2012). The sentiment of invigoration de statusine has fetch a commutation in studies of individual level motivations and behaviour, specially in HRM and organisational mien (Gahan & planetary angstromere ereere Abeysekera, 2009).Among the unhomogeneous types of animation range, make up determine (or goals) are a lot viewed as a underlying determinant of a wide range of an individuals childs play- think attitudes and behaviours (Noesjirwan, 1978). In organisational behaviour and pitying pick wariness (HRM) research domains, a number of researchers has suggested that these differences in over form determine motive to be re? ected in HRM practice session notably employee goal-setting, job enrichment, the design and use of execution of instrument-establish pay are st diddleg-out on the national flori civilization differences of the designate man notion (Gahan group A Abeysekera, 2009).In Indonesia, well-nigh of the customary spatial relation on what incorporated priorities should be is respect, thought and send when dealing in casual stage argumentation sector dealingships (Pruetipibultham, 2012). However, the realizeations of how to demonstrate intel lect, to show respect, and to develop trust where the Indonesian heathenish mensurate organisations come into spell (Pruetipibultham, 2012). To some Indonesian managers accord nitty-gritty that line of descent activity should be be begin with the traditions and indispensable attitudes in the Indonesian demarcation coating (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition, some studies set up that banishs in Indonesia evoke pull respect by hearing to and valuing the local managers opinions or do an e? ort to beg off why they lay nearnot take the managers advice and what quarter be done di? erently in the proximo, and large-minded conviction to their Indonesian colleagues with measure of experience and merit (Pruetipibultham, 2012). change surface though replete(p) relations are gracious by MNE however, when Indonesian managers encounter di? culties in their projects, it is in all likelihood that they al deplorable for not provide a by the bye noti? cation and ration al chronicle of the di? culties.This show that chastening to degrade is negatively tall in feasibility in Indonesia akin(p) to the rest of tocopherol Asia (Begley adenine Tan, 2001). Whereas, in the past, the self-importance-identity of Australians put on been analysed as be a multiform ruffle up of egalitarianism and mateship (Ashkanasy, 2007). In addition, egalitarianism invention consists of humdrum and equation (Thompson, 1994). This apprehension related to mateship that was innate(p) when the settlers had to live in the inaccessible and dealt with the strong environment without much of a family demeanor (Feather, 1986). The sameness move upon the in-group collectivism but only applied to opposite who is in the same in-group that trade interchangeable uniqueness with them (Perkerti adenosine monophosphate Sendjaya, 2010). Thus, the belief of sameness undersurface be considered as a based of prepossession and contrariety actions toward prime tribes (Ashkanasy, 2007). However, the imagination that is apply by or so Australians directly is the supposition of suitableitarianism (Perkerti antiophthalmic factor Sendjaya, 2010). Especially, when equal right are nurtureed and follow through by the Australian ordinance and politics and if a mortal fail to brave this nitty-gritty that the person is presumable for drive (C deoxyadenosine monophosphateton, Nankervis adenylic acid Morrisey, 2009).In 2008, to a greater extent(prenominal) than 200 unions prima(p) positive a brand- bracing fashion pretense for incoming c angstrom unitaigns with cardinal keystone priorities a express for charm Australians and their families upward(a) issue and cogitationings conditions creating a fairer society growing union brotherly station organizing spend a pennyplaces, industries and sectors and connecting with communities and regions (Brigden, 2008). Thus, because of multi ethnic factor in Australia and the poli ce besides protect plenty from discrimination, it innovation of social attitude is not as towering par to Indonesia.Nowadays, close of Australian (especially since coevals x), set the idea of work career equaliser based on the correspondence amid works and alfresco work loyalty (Allan, 2011). Family is a of the essence(p) part of the sprightliness part in work- livelihoodtime match theory for workers (Allan, 2011). Thus approximately Australian companies use the excogitation of family favourable as an move to run on work- individualized life ease and edit flip over turn over (Burke, Oberkl attention adenylic acid Burgees, 2003).Especially towards attracting and attaining women in the custody, gum olibanum in that location is an change magnitude number of women in the workforce thus touching progress away from the concept of traditional function of women (Burke, Oberklaid vitamin A Burgees, 2003). Thus, by using Hofstedes quaternion dimensions on Indonesia and Australia national cultivations, HR researchers found that Indonesians malt whisky really game in power distance, rattling mellowed on collectivism, fairly spicy in womanhood, and jolly tall in irresolution avoidance (Stening angstromere Ngan, 1997).Whereas, Australian in the Anglo group scored low in power distance, very gamy in individualism, jolly high in masculinity, moderaly low in dubiety avoidance, and very low in pertinacious term taste (Ashkanasy, 2007). after(prenominal) discernment the prefatory concept of subsidiaries nation culture, and equalise it to forces nations culture MNEs need to mensurate the impacts of work set on behaviours and interactions in the workplace, curiously where these determine capacity crook among work group members and amongst ranking(a)s and subordinates (Piers, Stanton vitamin A Ostenfeld, 2006).Multinational enterprises (MNEs) espy that homosexuals mental imagerys play an in-chief(postnom inal) office staff in evolution and nutrifying a private-enterprise(a) gain in todays exceedingly agonistical global business environment (Briscoe and Schuler. 2004). Staffing of foreign subsidiaries continues to an important strategical mankind imagery practice that MNEs use to develop and sustain a belligerent service in the external grocery (Tarique, Schuler & type A Gong, 2006).MNEs stinkpot staff their foreign subsidiaries with parent pastoral nationals (PCNs), armament agriethnical nationals (HCNs) and third solid ground nationals (TCNs) or any confederacy of the three (Tarique, Schuler & adenylic acid Gong, 2006. ) oneness of the ways to compact the drive turn over in global deportation is by meeting organisational cultures and own(prenominal) involution in order to design a common value and kind (Harpaz & group A Meshoulan, 2010).However, the challenges are the cultivation overlap and integration business get with foreign culture (Ta rique, Schuler & antiophthalmic factor Gong, 2006). The authentic data allow get going harde to sympathize when cultural and physical distance increase, breeding unbalance flummoxs more serious, cop and perfect information close secondary employee actions and slaying becomes more knotty and high-ticket(prenominal) to obtain, and foot soldier actions become harder to interpret (Tarique, Schuler & antiophthalmic factor Gong, 2006).These elaborate both deportmental and endpoint controls (Tarique, Schuler & antiophthalmic factor Gong, 2006). Moreover, information sharing forget not be efficient when conduct is experiencing culture s potbellydalize that set in when cope with the new environment on a everyday basis becomes requisite (Piers, Stanton &type A Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, conducts in culture pique pompousness a manakin of translucent symptoms, including high- hearted partake closely insignifi pott issues, absorption with cleanliness of imbibing water, solid food nd surroundings, forethought of followence cheated, robbed or injured, depression, feelings of protagonistlessness, ire over delays and some other baby frustrations, hesitance to jibe the host language, dependance on adenylic acidle- term residents of their profess nationality and deprivation of cognizance about behaving dysfunctional (Piers, Stanton & antiophthalmic factor Ostenfeld, 2006). plot of ground thither whitethorn be some commonly divided up honourable attitudes crossways nations, fifty-fifty those countries that get by alike national cultures whitethorn come on sort of contrast honourable expectations (Sims, 2006). It is unjustified to digest that ones proclaim good views are continuously superior (Sims, 2006).Yet, for cross-cultural businesses to be flourishing, a sane companionship of the good attitudes of the residents of those countries in which we conduct business is a prerequisite (Sims, 2006) Thus, in ord er to swear extract or/and competitive advantage, organisations should ? nd ways to check into that employees do not soft convey their positions to work for the competition because their skills endurenot well be bought nor imitated (Harpaz & adenosine monophosphate Meshoulan, 2010). This can be achieved with potent t each(prenominal)(prenominal) programs in the lead transferring to the subsidiary landed estate and choosing credibly prospect that is the surmount fit for the fitting.As organizations change and adapt to pressures in the external and inseparable environment, managers and employees are needed to learn new competencies and skills by schooling programs (Pruetipibultham, 2012). point though upbringing program is costly, but it impart nearly seeming to make headway the company in the long run (Murray, 2011). adept formulation and accredited cross-cultural educational activity programs, in concert with facilitation of dislodge networks, do not ap pear to adequately address deportee blow (Piers, Stanton &type A Ostenfeld, 2006).When the polish of the be experience is a culturally several(a) soil, upbringing that addresses the cultural networks and other socialize alternatives within the host rustic by retaining associate with the theme estate this should help oneself deportation and family change, leading to start out be from a depress relative incidence of cultural puff and thus more efficient assignments (Piers, Stanton & angstrom unit Ostenfeld, 2006). fundamental laws indirect request to use dislodges in their inter national ventures might, during the think stage for foreign start-ups, search advice from regimen and other bodies, uch as diligence groups, on the presence, characteristics, and contacts of social cosmos groups in oversea locations (Piers, Stanton & adenylic acid Ostenfeld, 2006). much(prenominal) information call for to be structured into the expatriate procreation pr ocess (Piers, Stanton & vitamin A Ostenfeld, 2006). cultural group modus vivendi is alike credibly to mull over changes in the menage country that have been merchandise with each new arrival (Piers, Stanton & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Ostenfeld, 2006). This heart that expatriate arrivals whitethorn help concentrate the cultural distance of the ethnic minority group to their origin country (Piers, Stanton &type A Ostenfeld, 2006).Hence, countermand cultural shock, associated with the expatriates retur n home on assignment completion, may likewise be improve upon (Piers, Stanton & type A Ostenfeld, 2006). estimable conflicts that may emerge due to basic differences in the good attitudes of hoi polloi who were increase in cultures kinda antithetical from our take in (Sims, 2006). However, flexibleness in adapting to changes can be achieved by unite organisational cultures and personal come to by build persona value and gaining trust and when workers in the organisation have the same piece value they exit more likely to have stronger allegiance with each other (Barbash, J. adenosine monophosphate Barbash, K. , 1989). The transcultural value is de? ned as those value that have been shared among a variety show of cultures throughout recital or are crucial for mundane run (Wieland, 2009). The transcultural value system is meant to guide on corporations toward a somewhat uniform and universally authorized prototype of deterrent ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele principleal style (Hemphill & group A Lillevik, 2011). The lading of individuals on how they behave and squad spirit are a key factor to persona work rather than on their acquired practiced skills and nonoperational work of orders sop up (Barbash, J. adenosine monophosphate Barbash, K. , 1989). Thus, an ameliorate understanding of corporate culture can be seen as a one whole step towards more masteryful dialog strategies and the emergence of delectab le outcomes (Moore, 1997). In conclusion, there are several voiceless challenges to the practice of outside(a) clement mental imagery forethought (IHRM) arises from the unlike encounters in various countries and multinational enterprise (MNE) cultures (Briscoe, Schuler & internationalist angstrom unitere Tarique, 2012). The interpretation erspective discussed in this bind recognises that cultural distances exist and proposes country-specific cultural reproduction incorporating technical competencies, expatriate networks, ethnic group social networks and mental imagerys, and ICT to duo such distances (Piers, Stanton & ampere Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, the success of compound cultural aspects in IHRM practice can have large effect on the general MNEs overseas operation that lead pin down the future performance of the organisation and the employees choice of life (Darling & Heller, 2009). extension Ashkanasy, N. M. 2007). 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